Advanced Placement (AP) European History Practice Exam

Which ideology emerged as a significant force in Europe following the French Revolution?

1. Conservatism

2. Communism

3. Fascism

4. Nationalism

The correct answer is: Nationalism

Nationalism emerged as a significant force in Europe following the French Revolution due to the revolutionary ideals that promoted the concept of national sovereignty and the importance of the nation-state. The French Revolution emphasized liberty, equality, and the rights of citizens, which inspired various groups across Europe to begin identifying with their own nations and seeking self-determination. This burgeoning sense of national identity encouraged diverse ethnic and cultural groups to aspire towards nationhood, leading to movements aimed at unifying people who shared common languages, histories, and traditions. The aftermath of the Revolution set a precedent for nationalist movements, which would later play crucial roles in the political landscape of 19th-century Europe, such as the unification of Italy and Germany, and the growth of nationalist sentiment in various empires. Conservatism, while it did arise as a reaction to the changes brought about by the Revolution, primarily aimed to preserve traditional institutions rather than promote national identity itself. Communism emerged later in the 19th century as a critique of capitalism and class structures. Fascism developed in the early 20th century and was characterized by authoritarianism and extreme nationalism but did not arise directly from the events initiated by the French Revolution. Thus, nationalism stands out as the significant ideological development