Advanced Placement (AP) European History Practice Exam

Which of the following factors contributed least to the rise of Enlightenment thought?

1. The establishment of universities

2. The invention of the printing press

3. The consolidation of absolute monarchies

4. The questioning of traditional beliefs

The correct answer is: The consolidation of absolute monarchies

The consolidation of absolute monarchies contributed least to the rise of Enlightenment thought because, rather than promoting Enlightenment values, absolute monarchies often represented the antithesis of the ideals of individual rights, reason, and questioning authority that were central to the Enlightenment. Enlightenment thinkers typically challenged the legitimacy of monarchical power and advocated for the separation of church and state, individual liberties, and democratic governance. In contrast, the establishment of universities, the invention of the printing press, and the questioning of traditional beliefs were all significantly influential in fostering the environment that allowed Enlightenment ideas to flourish. Universities became centers for new ideas and critical thinking, the printing press enabled the widespread dissemination of revolutionary texts and philosophies, and the questioning of traditional beliefs opened the door for rational thought and skepticism about established norms and doctrines. These elements collectively played crucial roles in encouraging Enlightenment thought and the development of new ideas during the period.