Advanced Placement (AP) European History Practice Exam

Which statement best captures a fundamental principle behind the ideas of the French Revolution according to Robespierre?

1. Fear of bringing back the monarchy

2. Commitment to social hierarchies

3. Advocacy for the rule of law

4. Universal application of rights and liberties

The correct answer is: Universal application of rights and liberties

The emphasis on the universal application of rights and liberties is a fundamental principle behind the ideas of the French Revolution as articulated by Maximilien Robespierre. He was a key figure in the Revolution and deeply committed to the idea that all individuals should possess the same rights and freedoms, regardless of their social status or background. This principle was rooted in Enlightenment ideas, which influenced revolutionary thought, arguing that rights such as liberty, equality, and fraternity should extend to everyone, thereby challenging the existing social hierarchies and privileges that had characterized the monarchy and aristocracy. Robespierre believed that the revolution was not just about political change but also about creating a society where these rights were recognized and upheld for all citizens. His speeches and writings advocated for a society that included the common citizen and extended beyond the elite, anchoring the revolution's goals in a broader vision of societal transformation and justice. This dedication to universal rights was vital in shaping the goals of the revolution and the direction of revolutionary policies during his leadership.